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Soil degradation, a decline in soil quality caused by human activities, has been a major global issue during the 20th century and will remain high on the international agenda in the 21st century. The importance of soil degradation among global issues is enhanced because of its impact on world food security and the quality ofRead more

The olive tree, Olea europaea, is an evergreen tree or shrub native to the Mediterranean, Asia and Africa. It’s known for over 7000 years and has a symbolic connotations in cultures around the world.The olive branch was often a symbol of abundance, glory and peace. The leafy branches of the olive tree were ritually offeredRead more

Soil is one of the marvelous products of nature and the most precious resource to humans, without which there would be no life. Increased demand for agriculture commodities generates incentives to convert forests and grasslands to farm fields. The transition to agriculture from natural vegetation often cannot hold onto the soil and many of theseRead more

Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a global scale. Climate change affects farming in a number of ways, including through changes in average temperatures, rainfall, and climate extremes (e.g. heat waves), changes in pests and diseases, changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations, changes in theRead more

Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant. Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, India and Africa. Top ten coffee producing countries The two most commonly grown are the highly regardedRead more

You have probably heard that hummus is an important part of your soil, but few people know what it is and why it is important. The best way to understand humus is to understand how it is formed. Dead plant and animal material consist of organic matter (a wide range of molecules including starches, proteins,Read more

The soil preparation is the first step to ensure that the field is ready for growing a crop. A well-prepared field controls weeds, recycles plant nutrients, and provides a soft soil mass for transplanting and a suitable soil surface for direct seeding. Land preparation involves plowing to “till” or dig-up, mix, and overturn the soil,Read more

Growing apples profitably for today’s market is a challenge. Beside all technological knowledge, growers must have management skills, if they want to have a successfully production season. Many growers have difficulties at harvesting and handling the fruits. They have to know when to pick apples, because harvesting period and the duration affects on the quality,Read more

Pollination is a keystone process in both human managed and natural terrestrial ecosystems. It is critical for food production and human livelihoods and directly links wild ecosystems with agricultural production systems. Is an essential service that depends to a large extent on the symbiosis between species, the pollinated and the pollinator. Pollinators include bees, insects,Read more

Introduction to Permaculture Permaculture is a term used to describe an intentional system of agriculture and settlement that aims to reflect the interrelationships and sustainability of natural ecosystems. Permaculture can be seen in contrast to intensive agriculture, which eventually leaves land unfit for farming, gradually reducing the amount of land suitable for human habitation. PermacultureRead more